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　　美國、歐盟和日本三方在周二(25日)簽署了貿(mào)易相關(guān)的三方聯(lián)合聲明“美日歐聯(lián)合聲明”。聲明中提到，三方在第三國非市場化政策，國企補貼，強制技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓，改革WTO等多方面達成了一致態(tài)度。

　　美國貿(mào)易代表辦公室(USTR)周二刊登消息說，美國貿(mào)易代表萊特希則(Robert Lighthizer)，日本經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)業(yè)大臣世耕弘成(Hiroshige Seko)及歐盟主管貿(mào)易事務(wù)的執(zhí)行委員馬姆斯壯(Cecilia Malmstrom)在紐約會談后簽署了“美日歐聯(lián)合聲明”，聲明內(nèi)容如下：

　　關(guān)于美國、日本和歐洲聯(lián)盟三方貿(mào)易部長會議的聯(lián)合聲明

　　(中文翻譯僅供參考，英文原文后附)

　　2018年9月25日，日本經(jīng)濟、貿(mào)易和工業(yè)部長Hiroshige Seko先生、美國貿(mào)易代表Robert E. Lighthizer大使和歐洲貿(mào)易專員Cecilia Malmström夫人在紐約舉行了會議。

　　關(guān)于第三國不以市場為導(dǎo)向的政策和做法的關(guān)切的聲明 部長們重申關(guān)注并確認了它們共同的目標, 即解決第三國的非市場化政策和做法, 從而導(dǎo)致嚴重的生產(chǎn)能力過剩, 為工人和企業(yè)創(chuàng)造不公平的競爭條件, 妨礙開發(fā)和使用創(chuàng)新技術(shù), 破壞國際貿(mào)易的適當運作, 包括現(xiàn)有規(guī)則不有效。

　　部長們回顧, 以市場為導(dǎo)向的條件對公平、互惠互利的全球貿(mào)易體系至關(guān)重要, 其公民和企業(yè)在市場導(dǎo)向條件下運作。 他們討論了正在采取的行動和可能在不久的將來采取的措施。

　　因此, 他們指示其工作人員進一步討論各種因素或跡象, 表明企業(yè)和工業(yè)存在面向非市場的政策和做法, 以加強非市場導(dǎo)向的信息共享第三國的政策和做法, 與其他貿(mào)易伙伴合作, 確定維持以市場為導(dǎo)向的條件的手段, 并深化關(guān)于執(zhí)法和制定規(guī)則的討論, 作為解決這些問題的工具。

　　關(guān)于工業(yè)補貼和國有企業(yè)的聲明 部長們審查并確認了有關(guān)工業(yè)補貼和國有企業(yè)可能的新規(guī)則的進展情況, 以便為其工人促進一個更公平的競爭領(lǐng)域, 并企業(yè)。 部長們強調(diào)了確保公平競爭的重要性, 因為第三方發(fā)展中國有企業(yè)的挑戰(zhàn)成為國家冠軍, 并使它們在全球市場中松動--造成扭曲, 消極地影響到各部長母國的農(nóng)民、工業(yè)生產(chǎn)者和工人。部長們認識到他們的工作進展, 并繼續(xù)需要加深他們的共同理解, 在加強工業(yè)補貼和國有企業(yè)規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上, 包括如何制定有效的規(guī)則來解決國有企業(yè)扭曲市場行為, 面對特別有害的補貼做法, 如: 國有銀行貸款不符合公司的信用, 包括由于政府隱性擔保;政府或政府控制的投資基金在非商業(yè)條件下的股本投資;非商業(yè)性債轉(zhuǎn)股;優(yōu)惠的輸入定價, 包括雙重定價;在沒有可靠的重組計劃的情況下向患病的企業(yè)提供補貼;和補貼導(dǎo)致或維持產(chǎn)能過剩。

　　三邊伙伴繼續(xù)探討如何增加透明度和通知失敗的費用, 以及如何加強獲得補貼信息的能力。

　　部長們還確認, 他們承諾繼續(xù)共同努力, 維持現(xiàn)有世貿(mào)組織紀律的效力。

　　在此基礎(chǔ)上, 他們同意加強彼此之間的討論, 并表示打算在2018年底之前推進各自的內(nèi)部步驟, 以便在此后不久開始就更有效的補貼規(guī)則進行談判。部長們強調(diào)必須確保主要貿(mào)易伙伴參與今后的談判。

　　關(guān)于對第三國強制技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓政策和做法的關(guān)切的聲明 部長們回顧了他們的共同看法, 即任何國家都不應(yīng)要求或向外國公司施加壓力向國內(nèi)公司轉(zhuǎn)讓技術(shù), 包括例如, 通過使用合資要求、外國股權(quán)限制、行政審查和許可程序或其他手段。部長們認為這種做法是可悲的。

　　部長們再次譴責由政府所采取的行動用來支持外國公司的計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)未經(jīng)授權(quán)侵入和盜竊, 以獲取其敏感的商業(yè)信息和商業(yè)機密, 并利用這些信息進行商業(yè)性獲得。 回顧強迫技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓政策和做法為其工人和企業(yè)造成不公平的競爭條件, 妨礙開發(fā)和使用創(chuàng)新技術(shù), 破壞國際貿(mào)易的適當運作,部長們將與其他志同道合的伙伴達成共識, 并與他們建立協(xié)商一致意見。部長們還同意深化對各種有害技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓政策和做法及其影響的調(diào)查和分析。

　　部長們申明承諾采取有效手段制止有害的強迫技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓政策和做法, 為此目的, 深化關(guān)于執(zhí)法和制定規(guī)則的討論, 以此作為解決這些問題的工具。

　　關(guān)于世貿(mào)組織改革討論的聲明 部長們就世貿(mào)組織改革的必要性達成了共同看法, 并就其監(jiān)測和監(jiān)督職能商定作為第一步, 共同發(fā)起一項透明度和通知建議, 以在世貿(mào)組織貨物貿(mào)易理事會下一次會議上審議。

　　他們還同意促進加強經(jīng)常委員會的活動, 并指示其專家討論擬訂一項可能的聯(lián)合提議, 由三名成員共同提出, 重點是促進最佳做法和提高效率跨委員會。

　　過于寬泛的發(fā)展分類, 加上自我指定的發(fā)展地位, 阻礙了世貿(mào)組織談判新的、貿(mào)易擴大的協(xié)定并損害其效力的能力。部長們呼吁要求發(fā)展中國家地位的先進世貿(mào)組織成員在目前和未來的世貿(mào)組織談判中作出充分承諾。

　　關(guān)于數(shù)字貿(mào)易和電子商務(wù)的聲明 部長們對數(shù)字保護主義的擴散日益感到關(guān)切, 并同意在促進數(shù)字貿(mào)易和數(shù)字經(jīng)濟增長方面進行合作, 并通過數(shù)據(jù)安全的推廣。

　　部長們歡迎世貿(mào)組織電子商務(wù)聯(lián)合聲明倡議下的探索性工作的進展。 他們同意加緊和加快這一進程, 加深各成員之間對未來數(shù)字貿(mào)易協(xié)定中可能包括的內(nèi)容的理解, 其目的是更新世貿(mào)組織規(guī)則, 以及這種協(xié)議。 部長們同意繼續(xù)努力, 在盡可能多的成員的參與下, 及時展開一項高標準協(xié)定的談判。

　　關(guān)于在其他問題上的合作的聲明 部長們確認了相互協(xié)調(diào)的重要性, 以減輕貿(mào)易和外國投資對其國家安全的風險, 包括在適當?shù)那闆r下繼續(xù)合作三個合作伙伴的當局分享最佳做法和交流關(guān)于外國投資審查機制的信息。

　　部長們歡迎出口信貸國際工作組的三方合作, 以便在2019年盡快制定一套新的政府支助出口信貸準則。

　　部長們重申了它們在國際論壇上的合作, 例如 G7、G20 和經(jīng)合組織, 以及在諸如鋼鐵過剩產(chǎn)能問題全球講壇和政府/當局半導(dǎo)體會議等部門倡議中, 以解決扭曲市場的措施。

　　Joint Statement on Trilateral Meeting of the Trade Ministers of the United States, Japan, and the European Union

　　Mr. Hiroshige Seko, Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan, Ambassador Robert E. Lighthizer, United States Trade Representative, and Mrs. Cecilia Malmström, European Commissioner for Trade, met in New York on 25 September 2018.

　　Statement on Concerns with Non-Market-Oriented Policies and Practices of Third Countries

　　The Ministers reiterated their concern with and confirmed their shared objective to address non market-oriented policies and practices of third countries that lead to severe overcapacity, create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, including where existing rules are not effective.

　　The Ministers recalled that market-oriented conditions are fundamental to a fair, mutually advantageous global trading system and that their citizens and businesses operate under market-oriented conditions. They discussed actions being taken and possible measures that could be undertaken in the near future.

　　Accordingly, they directed their staff to further their discussion on various elements or indications that signal that non-market oriented policies and practices exist for businesses and industries, to enhance information sharing on non-market-oriented policies and practices of third countries, to engage with other trading partners on identifying means to maintain market-oriented conditions, and to deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.

　　Statement on Industrial Subsidies and State Owned Enterprise

　　The Ministers reviewed and confirmed progress regarding possible new rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises so as to promote a more level playing field for their workers and businesses. The Ministers highlighted the importance of securing a level playing field given the challenges posed by third parties developing State Owned Enterprises into national champions and setting them loose in global markets – resulting in distortions that negatively affect farmers, industrial producers, and workers in the Ministers’ home countries. The Ministers recognized the progress of their work, and the continued need to deepen their shared understanding, on the basis for strengthening rules on industrial subsidies and State Owned Enterprises, including how to develop effective rules to address market-distorting behavior of state enterprises and confront particularly harmful subsidy practices such as: state-owned bank lending incompatible with a company’s creditworthiness, including due to implicit government guarantees; government or government-controlled investment fund equity investment on non-commercial terms; non-commercial debt-to-equity swaps; preferential input pricing, including dual pricing; subsidies to an ailing enterprise without a credible restructuring plan; and subsidies leading to or maintaining overcapacity.

　　The trilateral partners continue exploring how to increase the costs of transparency and notification failures and how to strengthen the ability to obtain information on subsidies.

　　The Ministers also confirmed their commitment to continue working together to maintain the effectiveness of existing WTO disciplines.

　　On that basis, they agreed to intensify discussions among themselves and expressed their intention to advance their respective internal steps before the end of 2018 with the aim of initiating a negotiation on more effective subsidy rules soon thereafter. The Ministers emphasized the need to ensure the participation of key trading partners in these future negotiations.

　　Statement on Concerns with Forced Technology Transfer Policies and Practices of Third Countries

　　The Ministers recalled their shared view that no country should require or pressure technology transfer from foreign companies to domestic companies, including, for example, through the use of joint venture requirements, foreign equity limitations, administrative review and licensing processes, or other means.The Ministers found such practices to be deplorable.

　　The Ministers again condemned government actions that support the unauthorized intrusion into, and theft from, the computer networks of foreign companies to access their sensitive commercial information and trade secrets and use that information for commercial gain. Recalling that forced technology transfer policies and practices create unfair competitive conditions for their workers and businesses, hinder the development and use of innovative technologies, and undermine the proper functioning of international trade, the Ministers will reach out to and build consensus with other like-minded partners. The Ministers also agreed to deepen their investigation and analysis of the full range of harmful technology transfer policies and practices and their effects.

　　The Ministers affirmed their commitment to effective means to stop harmful forced technology transfer policies and practices, and to this end, deepen discussions on enforcement and rule-making as tools to address these problems.

　　Statement on Discussions on WTO Reform

　　The Ministers shared a common view on the need for the reform of the WTO, and, with respect to its monitoring and surveillance function, agreed as a first step to co-sponsor a transparency and notification proposal for consideration at the next meeting of the WTO Council on Trade in Goods.

　　They also agreed to promote the strengthening of the regular committees’ activities and instructed their experts to discuss the development of a potential joint proposal by the three members focusing on the promotion of best practices and increasing efficiencies across committees.

　　Overly broad classifications of development, combined with self-designation of development status, inhibits the WTO’s ability to negotiate new, trade-expanding agreements and undermines their effectiveness. The Ministers called on advanced WTO Members claiming developing country status to undertake full commitments in ongoing and future WTO negotiations.

　　Statement on Digital Trade and E-Commerce

　　The Ministers shared growing concerns about proliferation of digital protectionism and agreed to cooperate in facilitating digital trade and the growth of the digital economy and to enhance business environments through the promotion of data security.

　　The Ministers welcome the progress of exploratory work under the WTO Joint Statement Initiative on Electronic Commerce. They agreed to intensify and accelerate this process to deepen understanding among members on possible elements to be included in a future agreement on digital trade aiming at updating the WTO rulebook, as well as the significant economic benefits of such an agreement. The Ministers agreed to continue work toward the timely launch of negotiations of a high standard agreement with the participation of as many members as possible.

　　Statement on Cooperation on Other Issues

　　The Ministers confirmed the importance of coordination among themselves to mitigate risks to their national security from trade and foreign investment, including the continued cooperation between appropriate authorities of the three partners to share best practices and exchange information on foreign investment review mechanisms.

　　The Ministers welcomed trilateral cooperation for the International Working Group on Export Credits to develop a new set of guidelines for government-supported export credits as soon as possible in 2019.

　　The Ministers reaffirmed their cooperation in international fora, such as the G7, G20 and the OECD and in sectoral initiatives such as the Global Forum on Steel Excess Capacity and Governments/Authorities Meeting on Semiconductors, to address market-distorting measures.